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Papain, also known as papaya proteinase I, is a cysteine protease (EC 3.4.22.2) enzyme present in papaya (Carica papaya) and mountain papaya (Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis).Its utility is in breaking down tough meat fibres and has been used for thousands of years in its native South America. It is sold as a component of powdered meat tenderiser available in most supermarkets. Papain, in the form of such a powdered meat tenderizer, made into a paste with water, is also a home remedy treatment for, bee, and yellow jacket (wasps) stings; mosquito bites; and possibly stingray wounds, breaking down the protein toxins in the venom.Papain can be used to dissociate cells in the first step of cell culture preparations. A ten-minute treatment of small tissue pieces (less than 1 mm cubed) will allow papain to begin breaking down the extracellular matrix molecules holding the cells together. After ten minutes, the tissue should be treated with a protease inhibitor solution to stop the protease action (if left untreated, papain's activity will lead to complete lysis of the cells). The tissue must then be triturated (passed quickly up and down through a Pasteur pipette) to break up the pieces of tissue into a single cell suspension.It is also used as an ingredient in various enzymatic debriding preparations, notably Accuzyme. These are used in the care of some chronic wounds to clean up dead tissue.Papain can also be found as an ingredient in some toothpastes or mints as teeth-whitener. However, its whitening effect in toothpastes and mints is minimal, because the papain is present in low concentrations and it is quickly diluted by saliva. It would take several months of using the whitening product to have noticeably whiter teeth.It is the main ingredient of Papacarie, a gel used for chemomechanical dental caries removal. Besides the advantage of avoiding the use of rotary cutting tools, it does not interfere in the bond strength of restorative materials to dentin.Papain has been known to interfere with urine drug test for cannabinoids. It is found in some drug detox products.
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